The following are optional supplementary readings, organized by topic.

Excerpt on Plurals. Start reading from the lower right hand corner, starting with "Let us think, now, about the meaning of plurals." From Bach, Emmon. 1989. Informal Lectures on Formal Semantics. State University of New York Press.

Excerpt on Plurals. From Portner, Paul. 2005. What is Meaning? Malden: Blackwell.

Carlson, Greg. 1977. Reference to Kinds in English. PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Heim, Irene. 1982. The Semantics of Indefinite and Definite Noun Phrases. PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Chapter on Implicature. From Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 3.